Study note
MedicineCardiology

High-output failure and mechanical causes of heart failure

THE CONTEXT
Heart failure can occur with excessive cardiac output or through impaired ventricular filling, obstructed outflow and ventricular overload.

High-output failure

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Cardiac failure may occur without heart disease in the presence of a large arteriovenous shunt.
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Excessively high cardiac output associated with beri-beri, severe anaemia or thyrotoxicosis can also cause cardiac failure.

Impaired filling, outflow obstruction and overload

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Mitral or tricuspid stenosis can cause heart failure by impairing ventricular filling.
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Aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can cause heart failure through obstruction to ventricular outflow.
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Valvular regurgitation can cause heart failure through ventricular overload.
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