Examination of newborn limbs identifies digit abnormalities and foot deformities. Abdominal distension has different diagnostic considerations in the neonatal examples described.
Digits and lower limbs
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Examine fingers and toes for abnormalities of shape, size, or number, including syndactyly and polydactyly.
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Calcaneovalgus usually self-corrects within the next few months, whereas equinovarus requires orthopedic consultation.
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The newborn delivered by extended breech is described as having extended knees and flexed hips.
Abdominal findings
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Abdominal distension with bile draining from a gastric tube in the described term neonate suggests intestinal obstruction.
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In a preterm neonate with abdominal distension and visible bowel loops, the differential diagnosis includes sepsis, feed intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intestinal obstruction.