Infectious disease

Which antenatal HIV testing approach is listed among measures to prevent perinatal transmission?

Which routes are described for the transmission of trachoma?

What feature of HIV is identified as the reason an effective vaccine remains elusive?

Which tick developmental stages can transmit the organism causing Lyme disease to humans?

Which finding, together with abnormal liver fat accumulation, defines metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)?

In the leprosy spectrum, instability in the central overlap region predisposes to which reaction?

Which organism causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis, a co-infection encountered with Lyme disease?

At what stage of typhoid fever do rose spots on the trunk typically appear?

A patient with severe falciparum malaria develops hypoglycaemia. Which intravenous dextrose regimen is specified for immediate management?

What is usually the first and most common symptom of Schistosoma haematobium infection?

Schistosoma haematobium infection has a strong epidemiological association with which bladder malignancy?

Why is liver function initially preserved despite portal hypertension in Schistosoma mansoni infection?

Which Leishmania species causes chiclero ulcers?

A patient with severe falciparum malaria is to receive intravenous quinine. Which medication history requires omission of the quinine loading dose?

Which infective material must be ingested to acquire human cysticercosis?

Which gadolinium-enhanced T1 MRI finding is described as typical of neurocysticercomas?

A patient with anergy to Leishmania develops diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, with spread from an initial facial ulcer to the whole body. What is the characteristic morphology of the disseminated lesions?

A patient with falciparum malaria develops shock, termed algid malaria. Which associated condition should be suspected immediately?

Apparently healed cutaneous leishmaniasis sores repeatedly relapse, producing recidivans or lupoid leishmaniasis. Which species is associated with this pattern?

Which pair of Plasmodium species forms hypnozoites?

Why is Candida albicans classified as a yeast despite its ability to form hyphae and pseudohyphae?

A patient with bloodstream infection has persistent suspicion of endocarditis despite negative transthoracic echocardiography. Which investigation should be considered next?

Which cause of infectious gastroenteritis is classified as protozoal with a long incubation period?

Pulmonary nodules suspected to represent cryptococcosis resemble tuberculosis or malignancy. What is required to establish the diagnosis of these cryptococcal nodules?

Which population is most susceptible to acute diarrhoea in high-income countries?

Which Cryptococcus species is specifically associated with severe disease in immunocompetent hosts?

Endocarditis caused by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus should prompt investigation for which associated condition?

A patient with pyrexia of unknown origin has no identified cause, significant weight loss, or signs of another disease. What is the expected long-term mortality?

Which organism is listed as a cause of gastroenteritis due to toxin in food with an incubation period of less than 6 hours?

A patient with bloodstream infection has focal knee pain and an aortic graft. Which approach to imaging is supported?

A patient has symptomatic, mild pulmonary cryptococcosis without evidence of systemic disease. What is the usual treatment?

A patient describes stools as separate hard lumps resembling nuts that are difficult to pass. Which Bristol stool chart type corresponds to this description?

Which parasitic infection is specifically described as causing haemoptysis?

During assessment of eosinophilia for a parasitic cause, fever is specifically associated with which syndrome?

A patient with a haematological malignancy develops reddish nodules or plaques, fever and leucocytosis. Which non-infectious cause of fever matches this presentation?

Which organism causing diarrhoea is described as usually acquired in South Asia or sub-Saharan and southern Africa?

Which combination of immune defects is specifically attributed to glucocorticoids?

A vaccinated traveller develops unexplained fever after returning from the tropics. Which infection cannot be virtually excluded on the basis of vaccination, given the stated vaccine effectiveness?

A patient who injects drugs presents with fever and prominent systolic ‘V’ waves in the jugular venous pulse. Which valvular lesion is associated with this finding?

A returning traveller with eosinophilia reports prominent pruritus. Which parasitic infection is specifically associated with this symptom?