Gastroenterology

What mechanism of weight loss is described in patients with alcohol dependence?

A patient with major gastrointestinal bleeding has no diagnosis after upper endoscopy, colonoscopy and CT angiography. When should wireless capsule endoscopy ideally be performed to maximise diagnostic yield?

Why can pre-existing cardiorespiratory, cerebrovascular or renal disease contribute to death after successful haemostasis in acute gastrointestinal bleeding?

After capsule endoscopy identifies a small intestinal bleeding source, which procedure can both visualise the small intestine and treat the source?

What is the first step in emergency management of non-variceal gastrointestinal bleeding?

Which degree of weight loss over 6–12 months is described as clinically important?

What causes syncope in a patient with acute gastrointestinal bleeding?

A patient with gastric outflow obstruction develops weight loss. What mechanism is specifically attributed to this condition?

A patient has rapid, profuse upper gastrointestinal bleeding. What appearance of the vomited blood is expected?

What benefit can palliative treatments such as stenting, laser therapy or argon plasma coagulation provide in patients presenting with extensive disease and dysphagia?

Which viral strains are implicated in the recent increase in oral cancer, particularly involving the base of tongue, soft palate and tonsils?

In patients fit enough to benefit, what outcome is described with palliative 5-fluorouracil and platinum-based chemotherapy?

Why is defective oesophageal peristaltic activity in patients with oesophagitis considered a primary abnormality?

A patient with chronic constipation also reports rectal bleeding and weight loss. Which investigation should be used to explore an organic cause?

Endoscopic ultrasound shows a superficial oesophageal adenocarcinoma with an uninvolved submucosa and a small involved local lymph node. What stage is illustrated?

A patient has gastro-oesophageal reflux despite normal basal lower oesophageal sphincter tone. Which abnormality can explain the reflux?

Which complication may occur in a large hiatus hernia?

Which monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor may be combined with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic oral cancer?

Which pairing of molecular profile and additional therapy is described for oesophageal adenocarcinoma?

A suspicious oral lesion persists at review 2 weeks after treatment of possible local trauma and infection. What is the next step?

A patient with heartburn experiences waterbrash. What mechanism produces this symptom?

Which mechanism characterises dyssynergic defaecation?

Constipation beginning in the neonatal period should particularly suggest which diagnosis?

Which overall treatment approach is described for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?

Which investigation is listed specifically in the small bowel category of chronic or relapsing diarrhoea?

A patient with chronic relapsing diarrhoea has blood and mucus in the stool with cramping lower abdominal pain. Which category best matches these clinical features?

Which condition is listed as a pancreatic cause of malabsorption associated with chronic or relapsing diarrhoea?