Gastroenterology

A patient taking NSAIDs develops small bowel obstruction. Circumferential strictures caused by intense submucosal fibrosis are found. What is this condition called?

A loss-of-function pathogenic variant in which gene is thought to initiate the classical colorectal adenoma–carcinoma pathway?

Which paraneoplastic manifestation of gastric carcinoma is designated Trousseau sign?

Which vascular lesion is listed as a source of bleeding among the chronic complications of intestinal irradiation?

Under the modified Amsterdam criteria for hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, at least one affected family member must have developed cancer before what age?

Which gastric cancer subtype arises from normal gastric mucosa and tends to be poorly differentiated?

In colorectal carcinogenesis involving loss of heterozygosity, one allele of a tumour suppressor gene is deleted. What additional event is required for gene inactivation?

Which pattern of gastric acid secretion identifies H. pylori-infected individuals thought to be at greatest risk of gastric cancer?

A patient has MUTYH-associated polyposis with tens to hundreds of colonic polyps and proximal colon cancer. What is the inheritance pattern?

A patient with gastric cancer develops dysphagia from obstruction of the gastro-oesophageal junction. Where is the primary tumour located?

Which pair of endoscopic investigations can reveal NSAID-associated small intestinal toxicity?

How does the rate of carcinoma development through the serrated neoplasia pathway compare with the classical adenoma–carcinoma pathway?

A patient with ulcerative colitis has six bloody stools in 24 hours and fever. Which disease assessment is supported by the Truelove–Witts criteria?

What is the general intestinal distribution of water-soluble vitamin absorption?

Which monoclonal antibody used in inflammatory bowel disease binds the p40 subunit shared by IL-12 and IL-23?

Gastrin released in response to dietary protein binds CCK-2 receptors on enterochromaffin-like cells. Which mediator do these cells then release?

Which peptide may inhibit gastric acid secretion?

Which combination protects the gastroduodenal mucosa from the ulcerative properties of acid and pepsin?

Which group of disorders accounts for at least 40% of referrals to gastroenterology services?

Which small bowel MRI pattern is described in terminal ileal Crohn disease?

Which leucocyte target does vedolizumab block to reduce migration into the gut mucosa?

Which cause of pruritus ani is classified as a skin disorder?

Which relatively common infection explains the recommendation for vaccination in patients receiving Janus kinase inhibitors for inflammatory bowel disease?

Which characteristic ulcer appearance is described on barium follow-through in terminal ileal Crohn disease?

A patient has difficult-to-assess oropharyngeal dysphagia. Which investigation allows joint assessment by a speech and language therapist and a radiologist?

Which pancreatic cells secrete alkaline fluid in response to secretin?

Which reflex stimulates colonic activity after meals?

How are Toll and NOD pattern recognition receptors distributed in intestinal epithelial cells?

A patient with acute severe ulcerative colitis requires endoscopic assessment. Which procedure is preferred?

Which integrin on T lymphocytes binds endothelial MAdCAM-1 to regulate lymphocyte migration into the intestinal lamina propria?

Which investigation, often combined with 24-hour pH measurements, is valuable in diagnosing refractory gastro-oesophageal reflux, achalasia and non-cardiac chest pain?

Which combination maintains faecal continence?

Which structures prevent passage of substances between small intestinal epithelial cells?

Which pair of secreted products in the intestinal lumen helps combat pathogenic infections?

Which immunoglobulin is released by plasma cells returning to the intestinal lamina propria and transported into the intestinal lumen?

What effect do parasympathetic pathways have on gastrointestinal smooth muscle and sphincters?

How does segmentation in the colon promote absorption of water and electrolytes?

Which intestinal immune cells help localise plasma cells to the site of antigen exposure?

What produces the characteristic colour and smell of melaena?

Which investigation is listed for pancreatic assessment in suspected malabsorption?