Gastroenterology

An anxious patient feels a lump in the throat, but no organic cause is identified. What is this sensation called?

Which complication of a sliding hiatus hernia is illustrated on the described barium meal?

In pancreatic cancer, a Sister Joseph nodule represents tumour spread to which site?

A patient with bacterial parotitis develops a parotid abscess. Which intervention is necessary in addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics?

In a patient with oesophageal dysphagia, how reliably does the perceived level of food sticking identify the actual site of obstruction?

A patient with early acute pancreatitis has marked epigastric tenderness without guarding or rebound tenderness. What explains this examination finding?

Which endoscopic technique can be used for selected colonic lesions with a high suspicion of limited submucosal invasion?

A patient with achalasia requires frequent pneumatic dilatations for symptom control. Which management approach is preferred?

What principally accounts for the poorer 5-year survival in type 2 refractory coeliac disease compared with type 1?

Over what period does the granulation tissue wall of a pancreatic fluid collection mature into a fibrous capsule?

After colonoscopic removal of a malignant colonic polyp, cancer cells are found 1 mm from the resection margin. What management is recommended?

A patient with coeliac disease has persistent symptoms and persistently high antibody levels despite treatment. Which investigation should be considered to assess the small bowel mucosa?

Which factors should guide decisions about surveillance colonoscopy in patients over 75 years after polyp removal?

Which intra-epithelial lymphocyte finding characterises type 2 refractory coeliac disease?

Which enzyme deamidates gluten peptides in the subepithelial layer in coeliac disease?

Which is the gold standard test for defining pancreatic function in chronic pancreatitis, although it is invasive and seldom used?

A patient with acute pancreatitis develops discoloration of the flanks. Which sign is present?

Which combination of mucosal changes follows the immune response to gluten in coeliac disease?

An elderly, frail patient with achalasia is considered too high risk for other treatments. Which endoscopic treatment is particularly reserved for such patients?

Activation of which pancreatic cells mediates fibrosis during the development of chronic pancreatitis?

Which HLA association is strongly linked to coeliac disease?

Why is a partial fundoplication performed along with Heller myotomy for achalasia?

Which investigation is listed for demonstrating pancreatic anatomy before surgery in chronic pancreatitis?

A 60-year-old patient presents with dyspepsia. Which investigation is urgently indicated on the basis of age?

A medically fit patient has localised T1 N0 M0 oesophageal cancer. What is the mainstay of curative treatment?

Despite modern treatment, what is the overall 5-year survival of patients presenting with oesophageal cancer?

Endoscopy shows tongues of abnormal pink columnar mucosa extending upwards above the oesophago-gastric junction. Which condition is illustrated by this appearance?

A patient reports retrosternal burning discomfort rising into the chest, with acidic fluid regurgitating into the throat after meals and on lying down. Which diagnosis is classically associated with these symptoms?

Which cause of dyspepsia is classified under systemic disease?

Which treatment approach is established for Barrett oesophagus complicated by adenocarcinoma and for very early superficial oesophageal tumours?

Where do oesophageal adenocarcinomas typically arise?

A patient with oesophageal cancer is medically unfit for surgery. Which treatment can be considered?

During endoscopic assessment for intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia, which biopsy strategy maximises detection?

Which symptom is an alarm feature in a patient with dyspepsia?

What proportion of oesophageal cancers globally is accounted for by squamous oesophageal cancer?

Which malignant complication is the leading cause of death in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis who have undergone prophylactic colectomy?

A woman with gastric carcinoma develops a Krukenberg tumour. Which organ is involved by tumour spread?

What is the maximum depth of invasion permitted by the definition of early gastric cancer?

Why should surgery be avoided where possible in the treatment of chronic intestinal radiation injury?

Which cause of protein-losing enteropathy is classified under lymphatic obstruction?