Pathology chapter

PATHOLOGY

Inflammation and Repair

200 practice questions · 74 study notes

Questions

QUESTION 41

Activation of cytosolic NOD-like receptors recruits the inflammasome. Which biologically active cytokine is generated by this complex?

QUESTION 42

What is the correct sequence of the major phases of leukocyte recruitment from the vessel lumen toward an offending agent?

QUESTION 43

A patient has red streaks extending from an inflammatory focus along the course of lymphatic channels. What is this finding called?

QUESTION 44

An ischemic tissue injury produces inflammation despite the absence of infection. What triggers this sterile inflammatory response?

QUESTION 45

At which vascular site do most of the major changes of acute inflammation occur?

QUESTION 46

An extravascular fluid sample has a high protein concentration and contains cellular debris. How should this fluid be classified?

QUESTION 47

Which substrate is used by nitric oxide synthase to produce nitric oxide for microbial killing?

QUESTION 48

Which property of selectin-mediated interactions enables leukocytes to roll along the endothelium?

QUESTION 49

Which family of leukocyte surface proteins mediates firm adhesion to endothelium?

QUESTION 50

A patient has an inherited defect in the generation of reactive oxygen species by phagocytes. Which immunodeficiency disease is associated with this defect?

QUESTION 51

Blockade of which major cytokine involved in leukocyte recruitment is described as therapeutically useful in rheumatoid arthritis?

QUESTION 52

Which receptor class mediates leukocyte responses to the chemoattractants bacterial N-formylmethionine peptides, chemokines, C5a, and leukotrienes?

QUESTION 53

Which adhesion molecule, also called CD31, mediates the binding events required for leukocytes to traverse the endothelium?

QUESTION 54

What happens to leukocyte integrins when rolling leukocytes encounter chemokines displayed on the endothelial surface?

QUESTION 55

A patient has recurrent bacterial infections due to mutations affecting integrins and selectin ligands. Which defect explains the recurrent infections?

QUESTION 56

What does lipopolysaccharide first bind to in the described sequence of leukocyte activation?

QUESTION 57

In most forms of acute inflammation, which cells replace neutrophils in the inflammatory infiltrate at 24–48 hours?

QUESTION 58

Which enzyme assembles in the neutrophil phagolysosomal membrane and reduces oxygen to superoxide anion?

QUESTION 59

An inflammatory infiltrate in a patient with Pseudomonas infection remains dominated by one leukocyte type for several days. Which cells account for this pattern?

QUESTION 60

Why do macrophages become the dominant cell population in prolonged inflammatory reactions?

QUESTION 61

Which enzyme is found in the larger azurophil granules of neutrophils?

QUESTION 62

Which cell is the richest source of histamine?

QUESTION 63

Which enzyme class produces leukotrienes and lipoxins from arachidonic acid?

QUESTION 64

Which statement correctly distinguishes the tissue expression of COX-1 and COX-2?

QUESTION 65

A phagocyte ingests urate crystals, resulting in exaggerated release of injurious granule and lysosomal contents. Which event explains this response?

QUESTION 66

Where do cytoplasmic components of phagocyte oxidase assemble to form the active enzyme in activated phagocytes?

QUESTION 67

Which inflammatory mediators are released rapidly from intracellular granules rather than synthesized de novo in response to a stimulus?

QUESTION 68

Which preformed vasoactive mediator is present in platelets and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine cells and acts as a vasoconstrictor?

QUESTION 69

Through which receptor class do arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids mediate inflammatory responses?

QUESTION 70

What cellular change leads to neutrophil death during neutrophil extracellular trap formation?

QUESTION 71

Which cells are especially important in inflammatory reactions to helminthic parasites?

QUESTION 72

What is the principal site of production of plasma-derived inflammatory mediators such as complement proteins?

QUESTION 73

Which released components form the fibrillar framework of neutrophil extracellular traps?

QUESTION 74

How are circulating inactive precursors of plasma-derived inflammatory mediators usually activated at sites of inflammation?

QUESTION 75

A patient has susceptibility to fungal and bacterial infections and develops skin abscesses lacking warmth and redness. Ineffective responses of which cells best explain these findings?

QUESTION 76

Which vascular response is caused by histamine during acute inflammation?

QUESTION 77

During phagocytosis, what follows engulfment and precedes destruction of ingested particles within phagolysosomes?

QUESTION 78

The membrane attack complex is composed of multiple molecules of which complement component?

QUESTION 79

What is the normal function of type I interferons?

QUESTION 80

Which endothelial change induced by TNF and IL-1 promotes leukocyte recruitment?

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