Anatomy chapter
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ANATOMY

Axilla

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Questions

QUESTION 41
Which vessel lies medial to the first part of the axillary artery?
QUESTION 42
Which part of the brachial plexus is listed among the contents of the axilla?
QUESTION 43
Why is the lateral wall of the axilla very narrow?
QUESTION 44
Which is the largest branch of the axillary artery?
QUESTION 45
What is the origin of the thoracoacromial artery?
QUESTION 46
Which vessel accompanies the deltoid branch of the thoracoacromial artery in the deltopectoral groove?
QUESTION 47
From which vessel does the anterior circumflex humeral artery arise?
QUESTION 48
An artery is identified along the lower border of pectoralis minor, closely related to the anterior group of axillary lymph nodes. Which artery is it?
QUESTION 49
How does the size of the posterior circumflex humeral artery compare with that of the anterior circumflex humeral artery?
QUESTION 50
Which structures are supplied by the ascending branch of the anterior circumflex humeral artery?
QUESTION 51
How are the six branches of the axillary artery distributed among its first, second, and third parts, respectively?
QUESTION 52
Which axillary artery branch passes between the two pectoral muscles and supplies these muscles and the thoracic wall?
QUESTION 53
Which branch of the thoracoacromial artery supplies the acromioclavicular joint and subclavius?
QUESTION 54
Which branch of the subscapular artery winds around the lateral border of the scapula between two slips of teres minor?
QUESTION 55
During an operation, arterial compression in the lower lateral wall of the axilla is used to control distal limb bleeding. Against which structure is the artery compressed?
QUESTION 56
Which vein continues as the axillary vein?
QUESTION 57
Which part of the axillary artery is related to the branches of the brachial plexus?
QUESTION 58
Pilomotor activity produces erection of hair by contracting which structure?
QUESTION 59
Which function increases sweat secretion?
QUESTION 60
Lymphatics from the thumb accompanying the cephalic vein drain into which axillary lymph node group?
QUESTION 61
Which statement correctly describes the motor and sensory fibre content of spinal nerve rami?
QUESTION 62
Which component forming a spinal nerve is sensory and possesses a spinal ganglion?
QUESTION 63
Against which part of the axillary wall can axillary arterial pulsations be felt?
QUESTION 64
When the axillary artery is blocked, the scapular anastomoses establish collateral circulation between which arterial segments?
QUESTION 65
An axillary abscess requires incision through the floor of the axilla. Where should the incision be placed to avoid injury to the main vessels?
QUESTION 66
An anatomical specimen shows a brachial plexus with a large C4 contribution and no T2 contribution. Which variant does this represent?
QUESTION 67
Which spinal nerve rami form the brachial plexus?
QUESTION 68
Which group of axillary lymph nodes lies along the upper humerus, medial to the axillary vein, and receives lymph from the upper limb?
QUESTION 69
Following injury to the nerve supplying serratus anterior, beyond what angle can the arm no longer be raised?
QUESTION 70
Which listed branch arises from the third part of the axillary artery?
QUESTION 71
Which nerve is formed by the union of roots contributed by the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus?
QUESTION 72
How many branches arise from the first, second and third parts of the axillary artery, respectively?
QUESTION 73
Which pair of branches arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
QUESTION 74
A person falling from a height clutches an overhead support, causing undue abduction of the arm and Klumpke's paralysis. Which part of the brachial plexus is injured?
QUESTION 75
In Klumpke's paralysis, injury to T1 at which location can produce an associated sympathetic syndrome affecting the eye and face?
QUESTION 76
Which joint position characterizes the claw hand described in Klumpke's paralysis?
QUESTION 77
A patient with injury to the nerve supplying serratus anterior develops scapular winging during pushing. Which part of the scapula becomes excessively prominent?
QUESTION 78
Which fascia is listed with the cephalic vein, lateral pectoral nerve and thoracoacromial artery among the anterior relations of the first part of the axillary artery?
QUESTION 79
Which muscle forms an anterior relation of the first part of the axillary artery?
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Study notes

Axilla: shape, orientation and dissection landmarks
The axilla is a pyramidal space between the upper part of the arm and the chest wall. →
Cervicoaxillary canal: boundaries and transmitted structures
The apex of the axilla forms an oblique passage called the cervicoaxillary canal. →
Base or floor of the axilla
The base forms the inferior aspect of the axillary space. →
Posterior and medial walls of the axilla
The passage describes the muscular posterior wall and the rib and muscle components of the medial wall. →
Narrow lateral wall of the axilla
The target passage describes the shape of the lateral wall of the axilla. →
Lateral wall and contents of the axilla
This passage continues the description of the lateral wall and then lists several contents of the axilla. →
Arrangement of axillary contents and lymph nodes
The axilla contains vessels, nerves and five groups of lymph nodes embedded in fat and areolar tissue. →
Extent and three parts of the axillary artery
Pectoralis minor provides the landmark for dividing the axillary artery into three parts. →
Anterior relations of the first part of the axillary artery
The target passage lists the structures anterior to the first part of the axillary artery. →
Posterior relations of the axillary artery
The passage lists muscular and neural structures posterior to the axillary artery. →
First part of the axillary artery: medial relation and sheath
The passage identifies the medial vessel relation and the fascial enclosure of the first part of the axillary artery. →
Lateral and medial relations of the third part of the axillary artery
The third part of the axillary artery has different median nerve relations in its upper and lower portions. →
Axillary artery branches and the superior thoracic artery
The axillary artery gives six branches, distributed across its three parts. →
Origin of the thoracoacromial artery
The thoracoacromial artery is also called the acromiothoracic artery. →
Thoracoacromial terminal branches and the lateral thoracic artery
The thoracoacromial artery emerges at the upper border of pectoralis minor, pierces the clavipectoral fascia, and divides into four terminal branches. →
Subscapular and circumflex scapular arteries
The subscapular artery is the largest branch of the axillary artery and gives off the circumflex scapular artery. →
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
This small axillary artery branch contributes to an arterial circle around the surgical neck of the humerus. →
Posterior circumflex humeral artery: size and origin
The posterior circumflex humeral artery is a branch of the third part of the axillary artery. →
Arterial course through the quadrangular space
The readable prose describes an artery accompanying the axillary nerve; its name is not explicitly linked to that prose in the supplied fragment. →
Axillary collateral circulation, venous drainage and lymph nodes
The axilla contains arterial anastomoses, venous channels and lymph node groups with distinct drainage territories. →
Central and apical axillary nodes and clinical examination of the axilla
This passage completes the description of central axillary nodes and describes apical nodes, lymphatic involvement and clinical landmarks. →
Spinal nerve roots and rami, with axillary clinical landmarks
Spinal nerves unite sensory and motor roots before dividing into mixed rami. The passage also describes lymphatic drainage across the umbilical level and arterial compression in the axilla. →
Brachial plexus formation and relations to the axillary artery
The brachial plexus has successive structural components and specific relations to the parts of the axillary artery. →
Brachial plexus roots and segmental variations
The segmental origin of the brachial plexus may shift upward or downward, producing named variants. →
Brachial plexus formation and sympathetic supply of the upper limb
The passage describes plexus divisions and cords, followed by the origin, pathway and functions of sympathetic fibres supplying the upper limb. →
Vasomotor, sudomotor and pilomotor functions
These functions act on skin arterioles, sweat secretion and the muscles responsible for hair erection. →
Branches associated with the roots of the brachial plexus
Root branches supply serratus anterior, the rhomboids, longus colli and scalene muscles; the passage also describes the phrenic nerve. →
Branches of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus
Branches from the trunks arise only from the upper trunk, which gives two named nerves. →
Branches of the cords of the brachial plexus
The lateral, medial and posterior cords give branches supplying muscles and skin of the upper limb. →
Lateral and medial cords: the M-shaped arrangement
The lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus and their branches form an M-shaped arrangement with three extended corners. →
Brachial plexus blood supply and Erb's paralysis
The passage describes arterial supply to the brachial plexus and the mechanism, muscle involvement and limb posture of upper trunk injury. →
Klumpke's paralysis: lower trunk injury and its effects
Klumpke's paralysis follows injury to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus, involving mainly T1 and partly C8. →
Injury to the nerve supplying serratus anterior
Injury to the nerve to serratus anterior, also called the nerve of Bell in the passage, causes scapular winging and impaired shoulder function. →
Branches of the three parts of the axillary artery
The axillary artery gives one, two and three branches from its first, second and third parts, respectively. →
Brachial plexus organization and axillary anatomy
The passage outlines the organization of the brachial plexus and several anatomical features of the axilla. →
Erb's paralysis and selected axillary anatomy
The clinical problem links loss of shoulder abduction, elbow flexion and forearm supination to injury at Erb's point. →
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