Study notes

Neurohormonal activation and mechanisms of heart failure

Arrhythmias, diastolic dysfunction and neurohumoral activation in heart failure

High-output failure and mechanical causes of heart failure

Clinical assessment of acute left heart failure

Heart failure precipitants and chronic clinical features

Renal impairment and congestive features in heart failure

Differential diagnosis of peripheral oedema

Electrolyte, hepatic and thromboembolic complications of heart failure

Investigations in suspected heart failure

Acute heart failure with pulmonary oedema: urgent management

General measures in heart failure

Chronic heart failure: treatment goals and diuretics

Resistant oedema and heart failure in older patients

Mineralocorticoid antagonists, SGLT2 inhibitors and ACE inhibitors in heart failure

ACE inhibitor safety and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure

Sacubitril–valsartan and vasodilators in chronic heart failure

Heart failure drug doses, beta-blockers, ivabradine and digoxin

Arrhythmia treatment, devices and advanced interventions in heart failure

Heart transplantation: contraindications, complications and ventricular assist devices

Ventricular assist devices: operation, benefits and limitations

Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac resynchronisation device leads

Arrhythmia mechanisms and the origin of QRS width

Bradycardia and escape pacemakers

Clinical manifestations of tachycardia and bradycardia

ECG recording for suspected arrhythmias

Principle of arrhythmia management

Sinus arrhythmia

Sinus bradycardia: significance and treatment

Sinus tachycardia and the mechanism of re-entry

Sinoatrial disease and tachy-brady syndrome

Pathological causes of sinus rate changes and features of sinoatrial disease

Atrioventricular block: first-degree and second-degree patterns

Second-degree and complete atrioventricular block

Stokes–Adams attacks in complete atrioventricular block

Causes of complete atrioventricular block

Management of atrioventricular block and causes of bundle branch block

Bundle branch block: conduction changes, hemiblock and clinical significance

Atrial ectopic beats: recognition and management

Atrial tachycardia: causes, electrocardiographic features and treatment

Atrial tachycardia treatment and recognition of atrial flutter