Study notes

Definition and scope of the immune response

Humoral and cellular immune responses

Functions of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity

Humoral immune response

Three steps of antibody production

Primary and secondary antibody responses

Repeated antigen exposure and vaccine antibody responses

Antigen processing and presentation pathways

Non-immune antigen removal and primary versus secondary immune responses

Professional antigen-presenting cells and T-cell dependence

B cells as antigen-presenting cells

First signal for helper T-cell activation

Immune elimination of circulating antigen

Immune elimination and persistence of antigens

Antigen persistence and the initiation of an immune response

Cytokine signals supporting B cell activation

Memory B cells and cytotoxic T-cell responses

Genetic control of antigen responsiveness

Embryonic development of antibody production and self-reactive clone elimination

Postnatal development of immunocompetence

Effects of nutritional deficiency on immune responses

Effect of antigen administration route on immune responses

Effect of injection site on hepatitis B vaccine immunogenicity

Antigen dose and immunological paralysis

Simultaneous antigens and antigenic competition

Antibody responses to mixed vaccines

Antigenic competition after prior diphtheria immunisation

Adjuvants: definition and immune effects

Adjuvant actions: prolonged antigen release and macrophage activation

Microbial adjuvants and immunosuppressive agents

Antimetabolites, cyclosporine and antibody preparations for immunosuppression

Immune suppression by ALS, irradiation and homologous antibody

Combined immunisation with toxoid and antitoxin

Immunomodulatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulin

Cell-mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity

Scope of cell-mediated immunity in infectious diseases

Antigenic stimuli that induce cell-mediated immunity

Antigen recognition and T-cell responses in cell-mediated immunity

MHC-associated antigen recognition by helper and cytotoxic T cells

Cytokines: definition and terminology