MICROBIOLOGY
Immune Response 150 practice questions · 81 study notes
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Questions QUESTION 41
Which proposed mechanism characterises direct template theories of antibody formation?
QUESTION 42
What term denotes specific non-reactivity induced by certain types of antigenic stimuli?
QUESTION 43
Which pair comprises fungal infections listed as evoking cell-mediated immunity?
QUESTION 44
Which theory proposed that an antigenic determinant induces a heritable change by incorporating a 'genocopy' into the antibody-producing cell's genome?
QUESTION 45
Which observation was not explained by Jerne's natural selection theory of antibody formation?
QUESTION 46
Hepatitis B vaccine produces a weaker immune response after gluteal injection than after deltoid injection. Which proposed mechanism explains this difference?
QUESTION 47
Which fate of activated B cells enables a secondary response on subsequent contact with the same antigen?
QUESTION 48
After encountering antigen presented with MHC Class I molecules, a cytotoxic T cell requires which cytokine as a second signal?
QUESTION 49
What antigen-dose requirement must be met for an effective antibody response?
QUESTION 50
What are the usual lag periods after immunisation for primary and secondary immune responses, respectively?
QUESTION 51
What happens to embryonic lymphoid cell clones with specificity towards self-antigens after exposure to tissue antigens?
QUESTION 52
An animal with circulating specific antibody receives the corresponding antigen and develops a temporary fall in antibody titre. What causes this negative phase?
QUESTION 53
Which pattern of immune suppression occurs in protein calorie malnutrition?
QUESTION 54
At approximately what ages is full competence acquired for IgG and IgA, respectively?
QUESTION 55
What mechanism accelerates antigen disappearance from circulation during immune elimination?
QUESTION 56
At what age must an infant begin depending on its own antibody production because maternal antibodies have disappeared?
QUESTION 57
Where are antigens introduced subcutaneously mainly localised?
QUESTION 58
How does a single dose of a live vaccine provide both priming and booster stimulation?
QUESTION 59
Why are killed vaccines administered in multiple doses for active immunisation?
QUESTION 60
Which developmental event marks the onset of the capacity to produce antibodies?
QUESTION 61
Which pairing correctly identifies the B cells involved in primary and secondary immune responses, respectively?
QUESTION 62
How are serum components necessary for immunity affected during nutritional deficiency before it becomes marked?
QUESTION 63
Which lymphocyte population is primarily targeted by ALS?
QUESTION 64
Which cytokine is identified as the T cell growth factor produced by activated T cells?
QUESTION 65
Which outcome usually follows intrathymic injection of a protein antigen?
QUESTION 66
Which agent inhibits interleukin-1 production?
QUESTION 67
The same pollen antigen is administered by inhalation and parenterally to separate experimental groups. Which antibody pattern is expected?
QUESTION 68
What is the chemical nature of cytokines that act as intercellular messengers regulating host responses?
QUESTION 69
An Rh-negative woman delivers an Rh-positive infant. Within what period after delivery should anti-Rh globulin be administered to prevent Rh sensitisation?
QUESTION 70
Which cells principally secrete interleukin-1?
QUESTION 71
Which route of antigen administration is suitable for producing IgA antibodies?
QUESTION 72
In an experiment involving sub-lethal whole body irradiation, which timing of antigen administration is associated with an enhanced antibody response?
QUESTION 73
Two antigens are administered simultaneously. The antibody response to one increases while the response to the other decreases. What is this phenomenon called?
QUESTION 74
Which cytokine promotes fibroblast growth and wound healing while also down-regulating some immunological and hematological processes?
QUESTION 75
Colony-stimulating factors stimulate growth and differentiation of which cells?
QUESTION 76
Interleukin-3 acts as a growth factor for which cells?
QUESTION 77
A patient develops a massive granulocyte response during a pyogenic infection. Which cytokine group adjusts blood cell production to meet this requirement?
QUESTION 78
Which two types of tumour necrosis factor are described?
QUESTION 79
Which pair of effects is attributed to leukemia inhibitory factor produced by T cells?
QUESTION 80
Migration inhibitory factor is listed among lymphokines affecting which cells?
Study notes Definition and scope of the immune response
The immune response encompasses specific reactions to antigenic stimuli and has a broader scope than protection against infection. →
Humoral and cellular immune responses
The immune response has two forms that usually develop and act together. →
Functions of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity contribute to host defence and also participate in immune-mediated disease. →
Humoral immune response
This introductory passage identifies the alternative name and initiating stimulus of humoral immunity. →
Three steps of antibody production
Antibody production proceeds through an afferent limb, central functions, and an efferent limb. →
Primary and secondary antibody responses
Antibody responses are distinguished by whether the antigenic stimulus is initial or subsequent. →
Repeated antigen exposure and vaccine antibody responses
Repeated antigen stimulation influences antibody levels and explains the priming and booster roles of vaccine doses. →
Antigen processing and presentation pathways
Engulfed antigens and antigens generated within cells undergo different processing and presentation pathways. →
Non-immune antigen removal and primary versus secondary immune responses
The passage describes initial removal of particulate antigens and compares the timing, cells, and antibody characteristics of primary and secondary responses. →
Professional antigen-presenting cells and T-cell dependence
Antigen presentation can initiate an adaptive immune response or promote tolerance, while some antigens elicit antibodies without T-cell participation. →
B cells as antigen-presenting cells
B cells can present antigens to T cells, particularly during the secondary immune response. →
First signal for helper T-cell activation
Helper T-cell activation requires two signals; the supplied text describes the first signal. →
Immune elimination of circulating antigen
Immune elimination accelerates antigen clearance once specific antibody appears. →
Immune elimination and persistence of antigens
Antigen elimination involves immune complex formation, while the duration of antigen persistence is related to metabolism. →
Antigen persistence and the initiation of an immune response
The passage describes prolonged persistence of pneumococcal polysaccharide and the cellular steps that initiate an immune response. →
Cytokine signals supporting B cell activation
The passage describes cytokine production and the subsequent proliferation and differentiation of antigen-bound B cells. →
Memory B cells and cytotoxic T-cell responses
Activated lymphocytes can generate immediate effector responses and form memory cells for subsequent antigen encounters. →
Genetic control of antigen responsiveness
Individuals within a species can differ in their immune response to the same antigen because of genetic differences. →
Embryonic development of antibody production and self-reactive clone elimination
Embryonic immune development includes the maturation of lymphoid organs and the elimination of cells that recognise self-antigens. →
Postnatal development of immunocompetence
Immunocompetence is incomplete at birth and develops progressively as the infant grows. →
Effects of nutritional deficiency on immune responses
Malnutrition adversely affects immunity, with different effects on serum components, cellular responses, and antibody synthesis. →
Effect of antigen administration route on immune responses
The route of antigen administration influences the strength of the humoral response, the antibody type produced and whether tolerance develops. →
Effect of injection site on hepatitis B vaccine immunogenicity
For some antigens, the site of injection influences the immune response. →
Antigen dose and immunological paralysis
The antibody response depends on antigen dose, with different effects at low, optimal and excessive doses. →
Simultaneous antigens and antigenic competition
Administering two or more antigens together can alter their individual antibody responses. →
Antibody responses to mixed vaccines
Combining vaccine antigens can leave their responses independent or potentiate a response, depending on the combination described. →
Antigenic competition after prior diphtheria immunisation
Previous exposure to one antigen can affect responses to other antigens during subsequent polyvalent immunisation. →
Adjuvants: definition and immune effects
Adjuvants enhance antigen immunogenicity and can affect antibody responses, cellular immunity, and the development of adjuvant diseases. →
Adjuvant actions: prolonged antigen release and macrophage activation
The passage describes ways in which adjuvants prolong antigenic stimulation or activate macrophages. →
Microbial adjuvants and immunosuppressive agents
The passage contrasts agents that enhance immune responses with agents used to inhibit immunity, including in transplantation. →
Antimetabolites, cyclosporine and antibody preparations for immunosuppression
These agents inhibit immune responses through interference with nucleic acid synthesis, selective inhibition of helper T cells, or antibody preparations directed against lymphocytes. →
Immune suppression by ALS, irradiation and homologous antibody
These interventions affect different components of immunity, and their effects depend on the target cells, timing or specificity of the intervention. →
Combined immunisation with toxoid and antitoxin
Combined immunisation for diphtheria and tetanus requires attention to administration sites and the form of toxoid used. →
Immunomodulatory effects of intravenous immunoglobulin
Intravenously administered immunoglobulin has effects relevant to diseases of presumed immunopathologic origin. →
Cell-mediated immunity and delayed hypersensitivity
Cell-mediated immunity is an antigen-specific response mediated by effector T cells. Delayed hypersensitivity illustrates its cellular basis. →
Scope of cell-mediated immunity in infectious diseases
Cell-mediated immunity participates in delayed hypersensitivity and responses to infections caused by obligate and facultative intracellular parasites. →
Antigenic stimuli that induce cell-mediated immunity
The nature of the antigenic stimulus influences the induction of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). →
Antigen recognition and T-cell responses in cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) depends on T cell–dependent antigens and specific recognition by T cells. →
MHC-associated antigen recognition by helper and cytotoxic T cells
T cells recognise antigens presented with MHC molecules; helper and cytotoxic T cells differ in the MHC class involved and their resulting actions. →
Cytokines: definition and terminology
Cytokines are biologically active mediators with regulatory effects on other cells. →
Nature and regulatory role of cytokines
Cytokines mediate communication between cells during host responses. →
Cytokines: production, local action and pleiotropy
Cytokines are hormone-like substances that act at very low concentrations and influence several cell types. →
Interleukin-1: properties, cellular sources and production
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a stable polypeptide whose production responds to inflammatory stimuli and inhibitory agents. →
Immunological effects of interleukin-1
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulates responses in T cells, B cells and neutrophils. →
Broad effects and cellular targets of an unnamed mediator
This continuation describes a mediator's effects and targets, but the supplied target and immediate context do not explicitly name the mediator. →
IL-1: pyrogenic and inflammatory effects
IL-1 contributes to fever and to inflammatory changes in septic shock and bacterial meningitis. →
IL-1 in severe infection and IL-2 as T cell growth factor
The passage identifies a beneficial effect of IL-1 and the growth-factor role and cellular source of IL-2. →
LAK cells and the stem cell growth effect of interleukin-3
The passage describes an antitumour killer-cell response and introduces interleukin-3. →
Interleukin-3 and interleukin-4: functional names
The target passage completes the description of interleukin-3 and introduces the former name of interleukin-4. →
IgE synthesis in atopic hypersensitivity and interleukin-5 terminology
The passage links a cytokine effect to atopic hypersensitivity and then introduces interleukin-5. →
Colony-stimulating factors and functional groups of lymphokines
The passage explains colony-stimulating factor activity and groups lymphokines by the cells they affect. →
IL-3 as multi-CSF
IL-3 has broad effects on hematopoietic cell growth and may produce additional effects through other cytokines. →
CSFs in blood cell production and the types of TNF
The passage describes how colony-stimulating factors meet changing blood cell requirements and introduces tumour necrosis factor. →
Cytokines: cellular sources and major functions
The cytokine table connects interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, tumour necrosis factors, interferons and other mediators with their cellular sources and functions. →
Interferons: classification and cellular sources
Interferons were originally identified as antiviral agents and are classified as cytokines. →
Transforming growth factor beta and leukemia inhibitory factor
The passage describes growth-promoting and regulatory actions of two cytokines. →
Exogenous and endogenous regulation of cytokine production
Cytokine production responds to external stimuli as well as internal hormonal and biochemical factors. →
Cytokine feedback, therapeutic applications and IL-17
Cytokines regulate one another, several have therapeutic applications, and IL-17 participates in autoimmune inflammation. →
Potential future therapeutic uses of cytokines
The passage describes possible future applications that depend on a better understanding of cytokine properties. →
Detection of cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) can be assessed using skin testing and in vitro correlates. →
Migration inhibitory factor test
The migration inhibitory factor test assesses cell-mediated immunity through inhibition of cell migration after exposure to a relevant antigen. →
Transfer factor and antigen-specific transfer of immunity
Transfer factor (TF) is a leucocyte extract associated with passive transfer of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). →
Physical properties and stability of transfer factor
Transfer factor (TF) is a small, dialysable substance with resistance to several forms of treatment. →
Potency and systemic effects of transfer factor
Transfer factor (TF) produces demonstrable cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in the recipient. →
Transfer factor: serial transfer and proposed mechanism
Transfer factor (TF) transfers cell-mediated immunity (CMI) reflecting the donor's antigen sensitivities, although its mechanism remains unknown. →
Immunological tolerance: specificity and experimental induction
Immunological tolerance is antigen-specific unresponsiveness induced by contact with that antigen. →
Host factors affecting immunological tolerance
The ease of inducing tolerance varies with the host's species, strain and degree of immunocompetence. →
Induction of immunological tolerance in adults
Adult tolerance induction is influenced by temporary immunosuppression and prior immunisation against the antigen. →
Antigen physical state and tolerogenicity
The physical form of an antigen affects its ability to induce tolerance, and processing can change its immunological behaviour. →
Antigen dose and immunological tolerance
Induction and duration of immunological tolerance depend on the dose and repetition of antigen exposure. →
Routes of tolerance induction and persistent tolerant infections
Tolerance depends partly on antigen administration route and can also occur naturally during persistent viral infection. →
Mechanisms and selective expression of immunological tolerance
The source describes proposed mechanisms of tolerance, differences between lymphocyte responses, and selective loss of an immune response. →
Categories of theories of immune response
Theories of immune response attempt to explain its versatility, specificity, memory and other features. →
Instructive theories of antibody production
Instructive theories explain antibody specificity through instructions provided by the antigen to an immunocompetent cell. →
Selective theories of antibody production
Selective theories place the emphasis on the immunocompetent cell's restricted immunological range. →
Clonal selection theory of antibody formation
Clonal selection places immunological specificity at the cellular level and is described as the most relevant and accepted theory. →
Side chain theory of antibody formation
The side chain theory is presented as an abandoned explanation of the immune response. →
Historical theories of antibody formation
Template and natural selection theories offered different explanations for antibody specificity and the secondary response. →
Idiotypes, antibody diversity and patterns of immune response
The passage explains idiotype-mediated regulation and the genetic basis of antibody diversity, followed by key features of immune responses and antibody-producing cells. →
T-cell function and antigen-specific immunological tolerance
The target describes T-cell-mediated effects and defines immunological tolerance. Its opening continuation refers to monoclonal antibodies. →
Instructive versus selective theories of immunity
Theories of immunity are divided into instructive and selective categories according to the specificity attributed to immunocompetent cells. →
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